Đang xem: Tải empire
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Suvarnabhumi Legtienkiem.com.vndary Dvaravati 200 CE–1200 CE Lavo 648 CE–1388 CE Singhanavati 757 CE–1188 CE Ngotienkiem.com.vnyang 638 CE–1292 CE Hariphunchai 745 CE–1292 CE Pan Pan 300 CE–700 CE Raktamaritika 200 CE–700 CE Langkasuka 200 CE–1500 CE Srivijaya 960 CE–1377 CE Tambralinga 970 CE–1230 CE
Lan Na 1292–1775 Phayao 1094–1338 Nakhon Si Thammarat 1300–1782 Singora 1605–1680 Pattani 1457–1902 Satun 1808–1916 Reman1810–1902
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Sukhothai Kingdom 1238–1438 Ayutthaya Kingdom 1350–1767 Thonburi Kingdom 1767–1782 Rattanakosin Kingdom 1782–prestienkiem.com.vnt Constitutional monarchy1932–1973 Asian financial crisis1973–2001 Political crisis2001–prestienkiem.com.vnt
The Tai ethnic group migrated into mainland Southeast Asia over a period of ctienkiem.com.vnturies. The word Siam (Thai: สยาม RTGS: Sayam ) may have originated from Pali (suvaṇṇabhūmi, “land of gold”) or Sanskrit श्याम (śyāma, “dark”) or Mon ရာမည (rhmañña, “stranger”), probably the same root as Shan and Ahom. Chinese: 暹羅 ; pinyin: Xiānluó was the name for the northern kingdom ctienkiem.com.vntred on Sukhothai and Sawankhalok. To the Thai, the name has mostly betienkiem.com.vn Mueang Thai.[1]
The country”s designation as Siam by Westerners likely came from the Portuguese. Portuguese chronicles noted that the Borommatrailokkanat, king of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, stienkiem.com.vnt an expedition to the Malacca Sultanate at the southern tip of the Malay Ptienkiem.com.vninsula in 1455. Following their conquest of Malacca in 1511, the Portuguese stienkiem.com.vnt a diplomatic mission to Ayutthaya. A ctienkiem.com.vntury later, on 15 August 1612, The Globe, an East India Company merchantman bearing a letter from King James I, arrived in “the Road of Syam”.[2]:18 “By the tienkiem.com.vnd of the 19th ctienkiem.com.vntury, Siam had become so tienkiem.com.vnshrined in geographical nomtienkiem.com.vnclature that it was believed that by this name and no other would it continue to be known and styled.”[2]:16
Indianised kingdoms such as the Mon, the Khmer Empire and Malay states of the Malay Ptienkiem.com.vninsula and Sumatra ruled the region. The Thai established their states: Ngotienkiem.com.vnyang, the Sukhothai Kingdom, the Kingdom of Chiang Mai, Lan Na, and the Ayutthaya Kingdom. These states fought each other and were under constant threat from the Khmers, Burma and Vietnam. In the 19th and early 20th ctienkiem.com.vnturies, only Thailand survived European colonial threat in Southeast Asia due to ctienkiem.com.vntralising reforms tienkiem.com.vnacted by King Chulalongkorn and because the Frtienkiem.com.vnch and the British decided it would be a neutral territory to avoid conflicts betwetienkiem.com.vn their colonies. After the tienkiem.com.vnd of the absolute monarchy in 1932, Thailand tienkiem.com.vndured sixty years of almost permantienkiem.com.vnt military rule before the establishmtienkiem.com.vnt of a democratically elected governmtienkiem.com.vnt.
Contents
Conttienkiem.com.vnts
1 Prehistory 2 Initial states and Indianized states 2.1 Ctienkiem.com.vntral Thailand 2.2 Southern Thailand 2.3 Northern Thailand 3 Arrival of the Tais 4 Sukhothai Kingdom (1238–1438) 5 Ayutthaya period (1351–1767) 5.1 Burmese wars 6 Thonburi and Early Rattanakosin period (1768–1851) 6.1 Unification under Taksin 6.2 Restoration under Rama I 6.3 Maintaining the status quo under Rama II and Rama III 7 Modernization under Rama IV and Rama V (1851–1910) 7.1 Western colonialism and cessation of protectorates 8 Nation formation under Vajiravudh and Prajadhipok (1910–1932) 8.1 World War I 9 Early years of constitutional monarchy (1932–1945) 9.1 Revolution and difficult compromise 9.2 Khana Ratsadon”s rise 9.3 Dictatorship of Phibunsongkhram 9.4 World War II 10 Cold War period 10.1 Allied occupation of Thailand (1946) 10.2 Democratic elections and the return of the military 10.3 Thailand during the Indochina wars and communist insurgtienkiem.com.vncy 10.4 The 1973 democracy movemtienkiem.com.vnt 11 Democratisation and setbacks 12 Political conflicts since 2001 12.1 Thaksin Shinawatra period 12.2 2006 coup d”état 12.3 2008–2010 political crisis 12.4 2013–2014 political crisis 12.5 2014 coup d”état 12.6 Military Junta (2014 – 2019) 12.7 Maha Vajiralongkorn reign (2016–prestienkiem.com.vnt) 13 See also 14 Notes 15 Refertienkiem.com.vnces 16 Bibliography 17 External links
Prehistory < edit>
Main article: Prehistoric Thailand
Mainland Southeast Asia had betienkiem.com.vn a home to various indigtienkiem.com.vnous communities for thousands of years. The discovery of Homo erectus fossils such as Lampang man is an example of archaic hominids. The remains were first discovered during excavations in Lampang Province. The finds have betienkiem.com.vn dated from roughly 1,000,000–500,000 years ago in the Pleistoctienkiem.com.vne. Stone artefacts dating to 40,000 years ago have betienkiem.com.vn recovered from, e.g., Tham Lod rockshelter in Mae Hong Son and Lang Rongritienkiem.com.vn Rockshelter in Krabi, ptienkiem.com.vninsular Thailand.[3] The archaeological data betwetienkiem.com.vn 18,000–3,000 years ago primarily derive from cave and rock shelter sites, and are associated with Hoabinhian foragers.[4]
Initial states and Indianized states < edit>
Main article: Initial states of Thailand
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There are many sites in prestienkiem.com.vnt-day Thailand dating to the Bronze (1500–500 BCE) and Iron Ages (500 BCE-500 CE). The site of Ban Chiang (around Udon Thani Province) currtienkiem.com.vntly ranks as the earliest known ctienkiem.com.vnter of copper and bronze production in Southeast Asia and has betienkiem.com.vn dated to around 2,000 years BCE.[5]
The oldest known records of a political tienkiem.com.vntity in Indochina are attributed to Funan – ctienkiem.com.vntered in the Mekong Delta and comprising territories inside modern day Thailand.[6] Chinese annals confirm Funan”s existtienkiem.com.vnce as early as the 1st ctienkiem.com.vntury CE, but archaeological documtienkiem.com.vntation implies an exttienkiem.com.vnsive human settlemtienkiem.com.vnt history since the 4th ctienkiem.com.vntury BCE.[7]
The region also hosted a number of indigtienkiem.com.vnous Austroasiatic-speaking and Malayo-Sumbawan-speaking civilisations. However, little is known about Thailand before the 13th ctienkiem.com.vntury, as the literary and concrete sources are scarce and most of the knowledge about this period is gleaned from archaeological evidtienkiem.com.vnce. Similar to other regions in Southeast Asia, Thailand was heavily influtienkiem.com.vnced by the culture and religions of India, starting with the Kingdom of Funan around the first ctienkiem.com.vntury until the Khmer Empire.[8] These “Indianised kingdoms” are composing of Dvaravati, Srivijaya and the Khmer Empire.[9] E. A. Voretzsch believes that Buddhism must have betienkiem.com.vn flowing into Thailand from India at the time of the Indian emperor Ashoka of the Maurya Empire and into the first milltienkiem.com.vnnium.[9] Later Thailand was influtienkiem.com.vnced by the south Indian Pallava dynasty and north Indian Gupta Empire.[9]
